The Measure of Man

How does Bertrand Russell differentiate between “knowledge by acquaintance” and “knowledge by description”?
He says that “knowledge by acquaintance” is you knowing how one of your friends feel just by looking at them because you know them and have spent time with them so you can tell how they are feeling while “knowledge by description” is you knowing something because someone described it to you.
How does Abel distinguish between “knowing how” and “knowing that”?
Abel says knowing how is empirical knowledge, knowledge that you have gained through personal experience while knowing that is impersonal knowledge, knowledge that you have gained by being taught things and being told things.
What does he mean when he asks: “can knowing how theoretically always be reduced to knowing that? What is Abel’s answer? What do you think?
Theoretically, Abel says that knowing how can theoretically always be reduced to knowing that, but not in reality. I disagree; I don't think anything can actually replace the experience of doing something yourself.
How does language become a problem of knowledge?
Language is not so much a problem of knowledge as a problem in communicating knowledge. It separates people and therefore prevents people from communicating with each other, yet at the same time it is a problem of knowledge, a problem that you need to know how to communicate, you can't just telepathically communicate thoughts.
What do you think William James means when he says: “Life defies our phrases?”
He means that absolutely no words can sufficiently convey human experiences to another person, because no word is powerful enough and nobody experiences things in the same way; everyone has different points of view and opinions and everyone thinks differently.
What, according to Abel, is the difference between “experience” and “propositional knowledge”?
Experience is the actual doing of something, when you actually take part in it. On the flip side, propositional knowledge is when you know something because you were told it, or otherwise found it out without experiencing it (ie. reading, television, etc.)
What are Abel’s Four Conditions for propositional knowledge? Where have we seen this before? Why does he add a Fourth Condition?
Abel's four conditions are; belief, truth, justification, and a newer fourth condition; ability to be communicated. He adds a fourth condition to refine the conditions needed to qualify something to be called knowledge.
What are Abel’s Nine Good Reasons or Evidence which serve as the Basis of Knowledge?
Experience, the fact its public (widely accepted), justification, you believe in it, it has things to back it up, you being able to describe it, communicated effective, a reasonable person will accept it and the fact that you accept it. If it fits all these, Abel says that it is knowledge.